The impact of Instagram influencers

Instagram is a social media platform that is about sharing photos and one-minute videos. Every day, over 50 billion photos are shared on Instagram all over the world. On the Instagram explore page, the most perfect and high-quality pictures are shown. These pictures contain the most inspiring places around the world and amazing outfits are shown. The people behind these pictures often make a lot of money by posting pictures and promoting a brand or product. But with the still increasing amount of influencers on Instagram, how does someone stand out? How do we make the decision to follow an Instagrammer? And what is the impact of the massive amount of influencers that are active on Instagram?

Instagram influencers

In the digital world in which we live today, being an Instagram influencer is a career for many. According to Urban Dictionary, an influencer is “a person with the ability to influence potential buyers of a product or service by promoting or recommending the items on social media”. To be an influencer, someone has to have a big network of followers that this person can influence. Influencers post ‘perfect’ pictures of their lives, their vacations and their fashion styles, and their profile pages are cohesive.

Influencers can be seen as micro-celebrities: “a self-presentation technique in which people view themselves as a public persona to be consumed by others, [they] use strategic intimacy to appeal to followers, and regard their audience as fans”. They are not actual celebrities because they are only famous in a smaller niche, for instance on Instagram and YouTube. 

#instafamous

‘Ordinary’ people can become influencers on Instagram, and thus become #instafamous. Becoming Instafamous means that an ordinary person reaches a big audience on Instagram and becomes known to many as an influential Instagrammer. Influencers are quasi-celebrities. ‘Quasi’ is another word for seemingly, this means that influencers are supposedly celebrities. They might be famous on Instagram, but they are not known all around the world, unlike celebrities who are often known by many. 

To become an influencer and instafamous one does not need to have a special talent. There are no criteria in becoming an influencer, so practically everybody can become one. Off course it is not easy to become a big influencer these days, because there are already many people doing the same thing on social media. 

Visibility

Hashtags are used to tell something about a social media post. When adding a hashtag to a post, this picture will become available outside someone’s immediate followers. When a person is searching on a particular hashtag, the user will find posts of users that this person is not following, and this way might find new people to follow.

For influencers, using hashtags is a great way to gain more followers, because if people like someone’s post, they often look at the entire profile and might start to follow the influencer. Because the post reaches a bigger audience, there will most likely also be an increase in the number of likes and reactions on a post. Sometimes hashtags are used that have nothing to do with actual posts. People then use hashtags to try to gain followers but misinforming them about the content. Influencers do not do this often, because followers will then start to question someone’s truthfulness. 

Other ways to make a picture more visible on Instagram are to tag brands and friends in photos. Also, to make a post more visible one can add a location to the picture. Just like searching on hashtags, people can also search on locations. These Instagram features are all ways to gain more followers from all over the globe. Since these features are used all over the world, when someone uses a ‘popular’ location, hashtag or tag, people from all over the world will easily see an influencer’s post. 

Advertising

Companies and brands often use influencers with a big following to promote their products and brands. Companies use a third-party to advertise their products, this means that they pay influencers to have their products featured in one or several posts on Instagram. The higher the amount of followers someone has, the more people are being reached when posting a sponsored picture. To be suitable to advertise for a company, someone has to have an attitude and identity that goes well with the brand. It is important that the influencer’s audience goes well with the brand too, if that is the case a paid or sponsored post will have a great impact on the targeted audience. 

To be a successful influencer and to ‘sell’ the product, De Veirman, Cauberghe and Hudders (2017) found that it is important to have a great likeability and to seem trustworthy. When followers feel like they can relate to someone, the audience will be more affected by the products an influencer is promoting. If an influencer makes their audience feel like he or she is their ‘friend’, it is likely that followers will trust this person when posting about a sponsored product.

Since influencers share a lot of their private lives, their audience will feel like they ‘know’ this person and therefore assume what the influencer says and promotes is true. Human beings are very influential, so when they see a product that is being promoted in a beautiful picture, everybody wants to have it. And since they trust the influencer as if it were their friend, they feel like it must be worth it to buy the product. 

Followers

Any Instagram user can decide for themselves whom to follow and whom not to follow, and how many people they want to follow. Since every user of the platform is able to ‘create’ their own Instagram-feed, people have a bigger chance to get influenced by the people they are following. Given that people can make their own decisions, people will follow other users who inspire them, whose style they like and whose content they like in general. Most users will get easily influenced because all the things they like are shown on their 'personalized' Instagram-feed. It is for this reason that many companies are now using influencers to promote their products. 

Most of the time, the audience is aware of the fact that they are looking at a sponsored post because disclosures are used to make them aware of this. When followers are made aware of the fact that a post is sponsored, people will still trust the influencer, because he or she is honest about it. Since it is one’s own choice to press the ‘follow’ button, one often does not care that there a sponsored posts coming across their feed. 

Instagram-identity

A person’s identity is built out of the socialization of an individual in several micro-hegemonies. This term is developed by Jan Blommaert and Piia Varis to describe "the multiple sets of norms that govern the details of social life". Each micro-hegemony in which a person creates identity comes with norms and in that sense it explains a part of someone’s behavior in a certain context. Our identity is built out of a complex of multiple micro-hegemonies, this means that the integration of a person in multiple micro-hegemonized niches create someone’s identity (See the diggit wiki on identity for a more in depth introduction). 

Identity construction within a micro-hegemony is thus not solely a local phenomenon. On Instagram, but also on other social media platforms, light communities emerge. Blommaert & Varis (2015) describe light communities as follows: “The groups that emerge out of the complex patterns of life projects […] are best seen as focused but diverse occasioned coagulations of people. People converge or coagulate around a shared focus – an object, a shared interest, another person, an event” (p. 54). Light communities do not emerge out of people with homogeneous identities, but out of people that share a similar focus. When connecting light communities to Instagram, groups are constantly formed around similar accounts they follow or because of a shared fandom. For instance, people like the same Instagram-influencer, and because of this, they feel like a group. They all share a similar thing they like, while still having very different identities and characters. 

What we see from the influencers is only one aspect of their identity. Commonly, these Instagram influencers operate witin certain sub or niched-culture or certain verticals of consumer markets. Be it bodybuilding, fashion or studying. The followers who subscribe to one influencer may not be classified into one big social category such as class and ethnicity. Rather, they converge lightly on one specific issue. However, one person may subscribe to multiple genres of influencers online, suggesting their identity is oriented to multiple micro-centres.

On Instagram we often see influencers posting sponsored posts that are loaded with features of someone’s identity. Personal identity features are ‘attached’ to products and come with the things we buy, so what we buy becomes part of our identity. Buying is always an act of identity. Consumption is divided into specific micro-hegemonies. In every micro-hegemony, different features and characteristics of identity are central. Since many micro-hegemonies exist, and they all come with specific identity characteristics, consumption is not a homogeneous phenomenon. 

Being ourselves’ – widely believed to be something that we construct autonomously, with almost unlimited agentivity – is very much a matter of uptake and ratification by others. We can only ‘be ourselves’ if and when others recognize and understand us as such

In the digitalized world in which we live today, we are always expected to explain aspects of our life, behavior, and identity to others. Nowadays social media platforms are a huge part of our lives and people judge others very fast when looking at one’s Instagram page. Because everybody is judgmental on social media, most people portray the best and perfect version of themselves on Instagram and act like they do not have any flaws. Influencers post idealized pictures, but do these people have the same identity in real life as how they portray themselves on their social media pages? Or do they create another or a partly different identity, to make it look like they are perfect? 

@inthefrow

Popular Instagram influencer, blogger and YouTube star Victoria Magrath, also known as In The Frow, is a big hit on Instagram. Starting off as a blogger on her website In The Frow, which stands for ‘in the front row’, she later began using Instagram and YouTube.

Looking back into Inthefrow's Instagram posts to when she started Instagram in 2011 (Figure 1), her posts were far from how they look nowadays. Back in 2011, she posted pictures that were taken with her mobile phone, and few with Victoria herself in it. The reason for this is that she had not started blogging in 2011 yet, and her first posts where thus personal pictures she shared with friends and family. In 2014 her Instagram pageed more cohesive, because of her hair color, and she also posted more pictures of herself on her Instagram page. 

Looking at her Instagram page from the past two years up until now, we see a ‘real’ influencer. Her profile page is cohesive; the same colors are used in pictures and there are several photos with similar backgrounds or a similar feel posted after one another. Like many other influencers, her page consists of many travel pictures, showing the most beautiful, inspiring places all around the world. Because she travels to places all over the world, and tags places all over the world, this results in a global audience. Inthefrow’s profile page shows the ‘perfect life’ she has, at least this is how it looks to her followers.

Figure 2. Inthefrow's Instagram posts between 20 September and 29 September

Paid partnerships also play a role on her Instagram. The pictures above show Victoria’s posts between 20 September and 29 September. On a third of these posts, the feature ‘paid partnership’ is shown. A few of the other photos and videos also contain brand-tags or brand names in the caption. She still advertises for these brands by tagging them. A reason for the brand-tagging or brand mentioning is that it was Paris Fashion Week in the period these pictures were posted.

Although some pictures do not contain the feature ‘paid partnership’, Victoria does work together with these brands. For example, in these fifteen posts, two posts have @dior and @diormakeup in the caption. When looking at her blog, Dior is between the brands she has worked with. This means that although she might not have been paid to post the picture, she most likely is invited by Dior to come to Paris Fashion Week and her makeup has been done by a Dior makeup artist. Because of this, she still promotes the brand, and thus Dior will be featured on a popular Instagram page.

I always pick brands I trust and have used for years, as those are products that I can talk about so easily in videos and blog posts. If it’s a new brand, I take a lot of time to test the products myself first before recommending them to my audience

Victoria ising waywill get a

Fig 4. Magazine Queen @inthefrow

Figure 3. Recent posts of Inthefrow with @narsissist

All the pictures in Figure 3 contain the tag @narsissist and/or #narsissist in the caption. @narsissist is the Instagram page of the makeup brand Nars. Although there is no disclaimer that the posts are paid partnerships, she is promoting Nars. Out of these pictures, her Instagram-stories, and looking at other influencers that use the same hashtag can be concluded she is on a press trip with Nars where new products are revealed. She already shows a sneak peek of new Nars products in her Instagram-stories and thus promotes the brand Nars. 

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fig. 4 Facebook groups

Figure 4. Inthefrow's 'Insta Shop'

On Inthefrow’s blog, there is a special section called ‘Insta Shop’, when clicking on this, all her Instagram photos appear (Figure 4). Every Instagram post on there is linked with the clothes, shoes, and accessories she is wearing in the pictures. This is a smart move because her Instagram-followers have to go to her blog to find what she is exactly wearing in the pictures. Because of this, she will also get a huge and international audience on her blog.

Instagram influencers and advertisement

Acquiring an influencer to promote a brand has a positive effect on the brand’s reach and marketing. But how do Instagram users feel about the influencing that is happening on the platform?

Many Instagram-users who follow influencers do not mind that promotion and thus influencing is happening. Every Instagrammer is free to follow and unfollow whomever they want. Since it is one’s own choice to press the ‘follow’ button, people are aware that sponsored posts come with certain people they want to follow. Many people follow influencers because they like a certain aspect about this person or this person’s Instagram, or they feel like they recognize a part of themselves in the influencer. Because of a shared aspect of identity, followers will often also like the products that are being promoted.

Similarities between the identity of the influencers and their followers is effective when promoting a brand, because more people will be interested in the product that is being promoted. As long as the influencer is trustworthy, authentic and relatable, most of the followers will not have a problem with promoted posts. Of course, there also will be people who think that Instagram is too much commercialized, but which social media platforms are not? These Instagram users can decide for themselves whether or not to follow influencers or to only follow their friends. 

References

Blommaert, J., Varis, P. (2015). Enoughness, accent and light communities: Essays on contemporary identities. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies 

Colen, M. (2018). “FYI, I was paid a lot of money to tell you about this product”.

De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V., Hudders, L. (2017). “Marketing through Instagram influencers: impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude”. 

Inthefrow, Inthefrow Instagram. Retrieved September 9, 2018, from https://www.instagram.com/inthefrow/

Jungselius, B., Hillman, T., Weilenmann, A. (2014). Fishing for followers: using hashtags as like bait in social media. University of Gothenburg

Khamis, S., Ang, L., Welling, R. (2017). Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity’ and the rise of Social Media Influencers. 

Leaper, C. (2018) From Wigan to the frow: How Victoria Magrath became the UK's biggest fashion influencer. The Telegraph

Magrath, V. www.inthefrow.com. Retrieved September 11, 2018, from https://www.inthefrow.com

Woods, S. (2016). #Sponsored: The Emergence of Influencer Marketing. University of Tennessee, Knoxville